Blood makes it all go away essays

Blood makes it all go away essays Enraged, sad, lonely, stupid, worthless, irrational, crazy. I can't stand what I think because I sound like such a whiner, so self-involved. During I feel very focused and full of anticipation. I purposely hold my breath as I cut and let it out when I'm through, so I breathe out as the blood runs out. I feel so calm. All the noise and stupidity in my head is gone, I feel like I'm floating... I feel stupid because I feel like I don't have a reason to do it. That's why I keep it to myself. [female, age 15, 1 yr SIB, HS] (Martinson). In a world where stress is relieved by simple things like screaming, and crying lays another form of relief. This form helps the people who do it detach from everything else, and really feel. Self mutilation is a form of addiction just like drugs and alcoholism, and like all others stems from a variety of cultural and psychological factors. Although the aspect of self mutilation makes some cringe, some are pleased at the sight of their own blood. To fully understand this, is too know what self mutilation really is. Its defined by Deb Martinson as the act of attempting to alter a mood state by inflicting physical harm serious enough to cause tissue damage to your body. This can include cutting (with knives, razors, glass, pins, any sharp object), burning, hitting your body with an object or your fists, hitting a heavy object (like a wall), picking at skin until it bleeds, biting yourself, pulling your hair out, etc. By doing this brings their levels of psychological and physiological tension and arousal back to a bearable baseline level almost immediately (Martinson). People who self injure could be anyone, male, female, gay, straight, a high school student, rich, poor, teachers, or anyone around the world. The incidence of self-injury is about the same as that of eating disorders, but because it's so highly stigma tized, most people hide their scars, burns, and bru...

German Word Aus Can Be a Prefix and Preposition

German Word 'Aus' Can Be a Prefix and Preposition The preposition aus is very useful in German and is used frequently, both by itself and in combination with other words. It is always followed by the dative  case. The word is also frequently used as a prefix. The original meaning of the preposition aus was not only ‘outside’ and to exit’, the same as it means today, but ‘going up’ as well. Here are today’s main meanings of aus defined, followed by common nouns and expressions with aus. Aus in the Sense of ‘From Somewhere’ In some instances, aus is used to express ‘from somewhere’, such as when stating what country or place somebody is from. In those German sentences, the verb kommen (come) or stammen (originate) needs to be used, whereas in English that is not so. Ich komme aus Spanien. (I’m from Spain.)Ich stamme aus Deutschland. (I’m from Germany.) In other uses of aus as in ‘from somewhere’, the same verb in both languages will be used. Ich trinke aus einem Glas. (I am drinking from a glass.)Ich hole meine Jacke aus dem Klassenzimmer. (I’m getting my jacket from the classroom.)Er kommt aus der Ferne (He comes from a distance.) Aus in the Sense of ‘Made Out Of Aus welchem Material ist deine Bluse? (Whats your blouse made of?)Was wird aus Altpapier gemacht? (What is made out of recycled paper?) Aus in the Sense of ‘Out of/ Coming Out Of’ Sie geht aus dem Haus jetzt. (She is coming out of the house now.)Das kleine Kind ist beinahe aus dem Fenster gefallen. (The small child almost fell out of the window.) Aus in the Sense of ‘Out of/ Because Of/ Due to’ Er hat es aus persà ¶nlichen Grà ¼nden abgesagt. (He  canceled for [due to]  personal reasons.)Deine Mutter tat es aus Liebe. (Your mother did it out of love.)​ When  Aus  is Used as a Prefix Aus  as a prefix often keeps its main meaning ‘out of’ in many words. In English most of these words start with the prefix ‘ex’: Aus Nouns and Their English Equivalents die Ausnahme  - exceptionder Ausgang  - the exitdie Auslage  - expensesdas Auskommen  - the livelihooddie Ausfahrt  - the (highway) exit; to go for a driveder Ausflug  - the outingder Ausweg  - the solutiondie Ausrede  - the excuseder Ausdruck  - the expressiondie Aussage  - the statementdie Ausstellung  - the exhibitiondie Auskunft  - informationdas Ausrufezeichen  - the exclamation pointdie Ausbeutung  - exploitationder Ausblick  - the viewder Ausbruch  - the escape; the outbreakder Auslnder  - the foreignerdie Ausdehnung  - the expansionder Auspuff  - the exhaust Aus Verbs and Their English Equivalents ausgehen  - to go outausleeren  - to empty outausloggen  I to log offausflippen  - to flip out, to lose itausfragen  - to questionausbrechen  - to break out; to throw upausgeben  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ to give outausfà ¼llen  - to fill outausbuchen  - to book (a flight etc.)ausdà ¼nnen  - to thin outauslassen  - to leave outausgleichen  - to even outauskommen  - to manageauslachen  - to laugh at somebodyausmachen  - to turn/ switch offauspacken  - to unpackauslà ¼ften  - to air out Other Aus Words auseinander  (adv.) - separatedausgenommen  (conj.) - exceptausdauernd  (adj., adv.) – perservering; persistentlyausfà ¼hrlich  (adj., adv.) - detailed, thoroughlyausdrà ¼cklich  (adj., adv.) – express, expressly  ausgezeichnet  (adj.; adv.) – excellent  (ly) Aus Expressions/Ausdrà ¼cke aus Versehen  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ by accidentaus dem Zusammenhang ausreißen  - to take out of contextaus der Mode  - out of fashionaus dem Gleichgewicht  - out of balanceaus folgendem Grund  - for the following reasonaus der Sache wird nichts  - nothing will come out of itaus sein  - to be out Die Schule ist aus! (School is out!)aus Spaß  - out of fun

Managing Organisation Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing Organisation Change - Essay Example In an organization equipped for complete learning, communication and structures within the company should be flexible and open - and in a way, Sanyo with Nonaka, could be said to be equipped in these aspects. The process for innovation through the changes that had been introduced, at least was steered towards a cyclical process where learning is continuous as opposed to being linear and discontinuous. 2. How did Nonaka try to revolutionize learning and change and how did this relate to incomplete learning Identify the levels of learning if any. Which typology/s of learning best describes the events in Sanyo While Nonaka introduced process and systems-related innovation to Sanyo, the changes that she tried to accomplish was only done on a horizontal plane, and did not account the vertical integration of the new vision for the company. The levels of learning were limited to environmental and behavioral directions or cues for the company. However, the leaning was in a way incomplete because the changes did not seep down to the very purpose of the company, that is specifically charting the unique role of Sanyo which has to do with the identity or mission of the company. A company needs to be rooted to its values and belief systems that it has developed over time - for example Sanyo is proud of its heritage as a maker of refrigerators and batteries as well being known in its markets for this. The learning was incomplete also by which Nonaka's team failed sufficiently to take into account the capabilities of the company or the question of how its core competencies will be aligned with the e nvironmental cues for change. Thus, some stakeholders did not fall into line in supporting Nonaka's vision for Sanyo. The typology of learning that fits within the case of Sanyo may that of the model of organizational change, by which changes are done in the structural level, but not with the culture and the strategy of the company. Learning through organizational change is quite focused through changing from without, and not from within which takes intro consideration the cultural aspects and belief system of an organization. This kind of learning by organizational change, as opposed to deeper levels of learning that comes with organizational development or transformation. 3.What has this case got to do with exploration and exploitation Explain. The case of Sanyo with Nonaka at the helm when she tried to make changes can be called to have made too much of a call for exploration and failing at decisive exploitation. Nonaka was on the right frame of mind when she took into consideration at the way the world has increasingly looked at environmentally conscious products and businesses as the wave of the future, not only because of the projected demise of oil-based fuel systems but because a value-based respect for the environment has been gaining ground with consumers. By aligning Sanyo with the new paradigm, potentially Sanyo was at the leading edge in terms of technology and with its new products. However, exploration needs to be balanced with exploitation or that which has to do with what the company's ability to improve and refine

Celebrity endorsement in the womens fragrance market and its impact Essay

Celebrity endorsement in the womens fragrance market and its impact upon consumer behaviour - Essay Example ndary research and the findings of primary research, all of which show that celebrity endorsement does indeed appear to be effective in contributing to increased sales of products and services. Celebrity endorsement has been a common feature for many years, and is almost as common as advertising. A well known star or personality is shown in advertising as using and supporting a particular product or service, thereby imbuing the product with a degree of respectability that it may not otherwise have. By virtue of the product or service being good enough to be used by a celebrity, the idea is that consumers will be confident enough about the product to purchase it. This in turn should theoretically contribute to increased sales of the product or service, especially in the case of a product such as a fragrance, where the aura associated with the fragrance is the aura around the celebrity person. In the fragrance market in particular, there are several instances where the popularity of a particular brand of perfume and the reputation associated with it have been enhanced through the association with the image of a particular celebrity. Some examples are the Chance brand of the Chanel perfume company, which has long been associated with Nicole Kidman, a well known movie star. The fragrance has become characteristic of the elegance and timeless, classic beauty that the actress symbolizes and this has ratcheted up the sales of the product considerably. It must be noted however, that such celebrity endorsement involves a considerable investment because a substantial sum needs to be paid to a celebrity in order to encourage them to come forward to endorse a product. If such investments in advertising expenses are to be justified, they need to be backed up with an adequate level of sales to match. This research study proposes to examine the psychology behind the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement and whether or not it is effective in contributing to increased volumes

Western philosophy Essay Example for Free

Western philosophy Essay Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. [1][2] Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. [3] In more casual speech, by extension, philosophy can refer to the most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or group. [4] The word philosophy comes from the Ancient Greek (philosophia), which literally means love of wisdom. [5][6][7] The introduction of the terms philosopher and philosophy has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras. [8] Contents [hide] 1 Areas of inquiry 1. 1 Epistemology 1. 2 Logic 1. 3 Metaphysics 1. 4 Moral and political philosophy 1. 5 Aesthetics 1. 6 Specialized branches 2 History 2. 1 Ancient philosophy 2. 1. 1 Egypt and Babylon 2. 1. 2 Ancient Chinese 2. 1. 3 Ancient Graeco-Roman 2. 1. 4 Ancient Indian 2. 1. 5 Ancient Persian 2. 2 5th–16th centuries 2. 2. 1 Europe 2. 2. 1. 1 Medieval 2. 2. 1. 2 Renaissance 2. 2. 2 East Asia 2. 2. 3 India 2. 2. 4 Middle East 2. 3 17th–20th centuries 2. 3. 1 Early modern philosophy 2. 3. 2 19th-century philosophy 2. 3. 3 20th-century philosophy 3 Major traditions 3. 1 German idealism 3. 2 Pragmatism 3. 3 Phenomenology 3. 4 Existentialism 3. 5 Structuralism and post-structuralism 3. 6 The analytic tradition 4 Applied philosophy 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7. 1 Introductions 7. 2 Topical introductions 7. 3 Anthologies 7. 4 Reference works 8 External links Areas of inquiry Philosophy is divided into many sub-fields. These include epistemology, logic, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics. [9][10] Some of the major areas of study are considered individually below. Epistemology Main article: Epistemology Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge,[11] such as the relationships between truth, belief, and theories of justification. Skepticism is the position which questions the possibility of completely justifying any truth. The regress argument, a fundamental problem in epistemology, occurs when, in order to completely prove any statement P, its justification itself needs to be supported by another justification. This chain can do three possible options, all of which are unsatisfactory according to the Munchhausen trilemma. One option is infinitism, where this chain of justification can go on forever. Another option is foundationalism, where the chain of justifications eventually relies on basic beliefs or axioms that are left unproven. The last option, such as in coherentism, is making the chain circular so that a statement is included in its own chain of justification. Rationalism is the emphasis on reasoning as a source of knowledge. Empiricism is the emphasis on observational evidence via sensory experience over other evidence as the source of knowledge. Rationalism claims that every possible object of knowledge can be deduced from coherent premises without observation. Empiricism claims that at least some knowledge is only a matter of observation. For this, Empiricism often cites the concept of tabula rasa, where individuals are not born with mental content and that knowledge builds from experience or perception. Epistemological solipsism is the idea that the existence of the world outside the mind is an unresolvable question. Parmenides (fl. 500 BC) argued that it is impossible to doubt that thinking actually occurs. But thinking must have an object, therefore something beyond thinking really exists. Parmenides deduced that what really exists must have certain properties—for example, that it cannot come into existence or cease to exist, that it is a coherent whole, that it remains the same eternally (in fact, exists altogether outside time). This is known as the third man argument. Plato (427–347 BC) combined rationalism with a form of realism. The philosophers work is to consider being, and the essence (ousia) of things. But the characteristic of essences is that they are universal. The nature of a man, a triangle, a tree, applies to all men, all triangles, all trees. Plato argued that these essences are mind-independent forms, that humans (but particularly philosophers) can come to know by reason, and by ignoring the distractions of sense-perception. Modern rationalism begins with Descartes. Reflection on the nature of perceptual experience, as well as scientific discoveries in physiology and optics, led Descartes (and also Locke) to the view that we are directly aware of ideas, rather than objects. This view gave rise to three questions: Is an idea a true copy of the real thing that it represents? Sensation is not a direct interaction between bodily objects and our sense, but is a physiological process involving representation (for example, an image on the retina). Locke thought that a secondary quality such as a sensation of green could in no way resemble the arrangement of particles in matter that go to produce this sensation, although he thought that primary qualities such as shape, size, number, were really in objects. How can physical objects such as chairs and tables, or even physiological processes in the brain, give rise to mental items such as ideas? This is part of what became known as the mind-body problem. If all the contents of awareness are ideas, how can we know that anything exists apart from ideas? Descartes tried to address the last problem by reason. He began, echoing Parmenides, with a principle that he thought could not coherently be denied: I think, therefore I am (often given in his original Latin: Cogito ergo sum). From this principle, Descartes went on to construct a complete system of knowledge (which involves proving the existence of God, using, among other means, a version of the ontological argument). [12] His view that reason alone could yield substantial truths about reality strongly influenced those philosophers usually considered modern rationalists (such as Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, and Christian Wolff), while provoking criticism from other philosophers who have retrospectively come to be grouped together as empiricists. Logic Main article: Logic Logic is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. Arguments use either deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is when, given certain statements (called premises), other statements (called conclusions) are unavoidably implied. Rules of inferences from premises include the most popular method, modus ponens, where given â€Å"A† and â€Å"If A then B†, then â€Å"B† must be concluded. A common convention for a deductive argument is the syllogism. An argument is termed valid if its conclusion does indeed follow from its premises, whether the premises are true or not, while an argument is sound if its conclusion follows from premises that are true. Propositional logic uses premises that are propositions, which are declarations that are either true or false, while predicate logic uses more complex premises called formulae that contain variables. These can be assigned values or can be quantified as to when they apply with the universal quantifier (always apply) or the existential quantifier (applies at least once). Inductive reasoning makes conclusions or generalizations based on probabilistic reasoning. For example, if â€Å"90% of humans are right-handed† and â€Å"Joe is human† then â€Å"Joe is probably right-handed†. Fields in logic include mathematical logic (formal symbolic logic) and philosophical logic. Metaphysics Main article: Metaphysics. Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality, such as existence, time, the relationship between mind and body, objects and their properties, wholes and their parts, events, processes, and causation. Traditional branches of metaphysics include cosmology, the study of the world in its entirety, and ontology, the study of being. Within metaphysics itself there are a wide range of differing philosophical theories. Idealism, for example, is the belief that reality is mentally constructed or otherwise immaterial while realism holds that reality, or at least some part of it, exists independently of the mind. Subjective idealism describes objects as no more than collections or bundles of sense data in the perceiver. The 18th century philosopher George Berkeley contended that existence is fundamentally tied to perception with the phrase Esse est aut percipi aut percipere or To be is to be perceived or to perceive. [13] In addition to the aforementioned views, however, there is also an ontological dichotomy within metaphysics between the concepts of particulars and universals as well. Particulars are those objects that are said to exist in space and time, as opposed to abstract objects, such as numbers. Universals are properties held by multiple particulars, such as redness or a gender. The type of existence, if any, of universals and abstract objects is an issue of serious debate within metaphysical philosophy. Realism is the philosophical position that universals do in fact exist, while nominalism is the negation, or denial of universals, abstract objects, or both. [14] Conceptualism holds that universals exist, but only within the minds perception. [15] The question of whether or not existence is a predicate has been discussed since the Early Modern period. Essence is the set of attributes that make an object what it fundamentally is and without which it loses its identity. Essence is contrasted with accident: a property that the substance has contingently, without which the substance can still retain its identity. Moral and political philosophy Ethics, or moral philosophy, is concerned primarily with the question of the best way to live, and secondarily, concerning the question of whether this question can be answered. The main branches of ethics are meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Meta-ethics concerns the nature of ethical thought, such as the origins of the words good and bad, and origins of other comparative words of various ethical systems, whether there are absolute ethical truths, and how such truths could be known. Normative ethics are more concerned with the questions of how one ought to act, and what the right course of action is. This is where most ethical theories are generated. Lastly, applied ethics go beyond theory and step into real world ethical practice, such as questions of whether or not abortion is correct. Ethics is also associated with the idea of morality, and the two are often interchangeable. One debate that has commanded the attention of ethicists in the modern era has been between consequentialism (actions are to be morally evaluated solely by their consequences) and deontology (actions are to be morally evaluated solely by consideration of agents duties, the rights of those whom the action concerns, or both). Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are famous for propagating utilitarianism, which is the idea that the fundamental moral rule is to strive toward the greatest happiness for the greatest number. However, in promoting this idea they also necessarily promoted the broader doctrine of consequentialism. Adopting a position opposed to consequentialism, Immanuel Kant argued that moral principles were simply products of reason. Kant believed that the incorporation of consequences into moral deliberation was a deep mistake, since it denies the necessity of practical maxims in governing the working of the will. According to Kant, reason requires that we conform our actions to the categorical imperative, which is an absolute duty. An important 20th-century deontologist, W. D. Ross, argued for weaker forms of duties called prima facie duties. More recent works have emphasized the role of character in ethics, a movement known as the aretaic turn (that is, the turn towards virtues). One strain of this movement followed the work of Bernard Williams. Williams noted that rigid forms of consequentialism and deontology demanded that people behave impartially. This, Williams argued, requires that people abandon their personal projects, and hence their personal integrity, in order to be considered moral. G. E. M. Anscombe, in an influential paper, Modern Moral Philosophy (1958), revived virtue ethics as an alternative to what was seen as the entrenched positions of Kantianism and consequentialism. Aretaic perspectives have been inspired in part by research of ancient conceptions of virtue. For example, Aristotles ethics demands that people follow the Aristotelian mean, or balance between two vices; and Confucian ethics argues that virtue consists largely in striving for harmony with other people. Virtue ethics in general has since gained many adherents, and has been defended by such philosophers as Philippa Foot, Alasdair MacIntyre, and Rosalind Hursthouse. Political philosophy is the study of government and the relationship of individuals (or families and clans) to communities including the state. It includes questions about justice, law, property, and the rights and obligations of the citizen. Politics and ethics are traditionally inter-linked subjects, as both discuss the question of what is good and how people should live. From ancient times, and well beyond them, the roots of justification for political authority were inescapably tied to outlooks on human nature. In The Republic, Plato presented the argument that the ideal society would be run by a council of philosopher-kings, since those best at philosophy are best able to realize the good. Even Plato, however, required philosophers to make their way in the world for many years before beginning their rule at the age of fifty. For Aristotle, humans are political animals (i. e. social animals), and governments are set up to pursue good for the community. Aristotle reasoned that, since the state (polis) was the highest form of community, it has the purpose of pursuing the highest good. Aristotle viewed political power as the result of natural inequalities in skill and virtue. Because of these differences, he favored an aristocracy of the able and virtuous. For Aristotle, the person cannot be complete unless he or she lives in a community. His The Nicomachean Ethics and The Politics are meant to be read in that order. The first book addresses virtues (or excellences) in the person as a citizen; the second addresses the proper form of government to ensure that citizens will be virtuous, and therefore complete. Both books deal with the essential role of justice in civic life. Nicolas of Cusa rekindled Platonic thought in the early 15th century. He promoted democracy in Medieval Europe, both in his writings and in his organization of the Council of Florence. Unlike Aristotle and the Hobbesian tradition to follow, Cusa saw human beings as equal and divine (that is, made in Gods image), so democracy would be the only just form of government. Cusas views are credited by some as sparking the Italian Renaissance, which gave rise to the notion of Nation-States. Later, Niccolo Machiavelli rejected the views of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas as unrealistic. The ideal sovereign is not the embodiment of the moral virtues; rather the sovereign does whatever is successful and necessary, rather than what is morally praiseworthy. Thomas Hobbes also contested many elements of Aristotles views. For Hobbes, human nature is essentially anti-social: people are essentially egoistic, and this egoism makes life difficult in the natural state of things. Moreover, Hobbes argued, though people may have natural inequalities, these are trivial, since no particular talents or virtues that people may have will make them safe from harm inflicted by others. For these reasons, Hobbes concluded that the state arises from a common agreement to raise the community out of the state of nature. This can only be done by the establishment of a sovereign, in which (or whom) is vested complete control over the community, and is able to inspire awe and terror in its subjects. [16] Many in the Enlightenment were unsatisfied with existing doctrines in political philosophy, which seemed to marginalize or neglect the possibility of a democratic state. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was among those who attempted to overturn these doctrines: he responded to Hobbes by claiming that a human is by nature a kind of noble savage, and that society and social contracts corrupt this nature. Another critic was John Locke. In Second Treatise on Government he agreed with Hobbes that the nation-state was an efficient tool for raising humanity out of a deplorable state, but he argued that the sovereign might become an abominable institution compared to the relatively benign unmodulated state of nature. [17] Following the doctrine of the fact-value distinction, due in part to the influence of David Hume and his student Adam Smith, appeals to human nature for political justification were weakened. Nevertheless, many political philosophers, especially moral realists, still make use of some essential human nature as a basis for their arguments. Marxism is derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Their idea that capitalism is based on exploitation of workers and causes alienation of people from their human nature, the historical materialism, their view of social classes, etc. , have influenced many fields of study, such as sociology, economics, and politics. Marxism inspired the Marxist school of communism, which brought a huge impact on the history of the 20th century. Aesthetics Main article: Aesthetics Aesthetics deals with beauty, art, enjoyment, sensory-emotional values, perception, and matters of taste and sentiment. Specialized branches. Philosophy of language explores the nature, the origins, and the use of language. Philosophy of law (often called jurisprudence) explores the varying theories explaining the nature and the interpretations of the law in society. Philosophy of mind explores the nature of the mind, and its relationship to the body, and is typified by disputes between dualism and materialism. In recent years there has been increasing similarity between this branch of philosophy and cognitive science. Philosophy of religion Philosophy of science Metaphilosophy Many academic disciplines have also generated philosophical inquiry. These include history, logic, and mathematics. History Main article: History of philosophy See also: Western philosophy, Eastern philosophy, and History of Western philosophy Further information: Philosophical progress Many societies have considered philosophical questions and built philosophical traditions based upon each others works. Eastern philosophy is organized by the chronological periods of each region. Historians of western philosophy usually divide the subject into three or more periods, the most important being ancient philosophy, medieval philosophy, and modern philosophy. [18] Ancient philosophy Main article: Ancient philosophy Egypt and Babylon Further information: Babylonian literature: Philosophy and Ancient Egyptian philosophy Main article: African philosophy There are authors who date the philosophical maxims of Ptahhotep before the 25th century. For instance, Pulitzer Prize winning historian Will Durant dates these writings as early as 2880 BCE within The Story of Civilization: Our Oriental History. Durant claims that Ptahhotep could be considered the very first philosopher in virtue of having the earliest and surviving fragments of moral philosophy (i. e., The Maxims of Ptah-Hotep). [19][20] Ptahhoteps grandson, Ptahhotep Tshefi, is traditionally credited with being the author of the collection of wise sayings known as The Maxims of Ptahhotep,[21] whose opening lines attribute authorship to the vizier Ptahhotep: Instruction of the Mayor of the city, the Vizier Ptahhotep, under the Majesty of King Isesi. The origins of Babylonian philosophy can be traced back to the wisdom of early Mesopotamia, which embodied certain philosophies of life, particularly ethics, in the forms of dialectic, dialogues, epic poetry, folklore, hymns, lyrics, prose, and proverbs. The reasoning and rationality of the Babylonians developed beyond empirical observation. [22] The Babylonian text Dialog of Pessimism contains similarities to the agnostic thought of the sophists, the Heraclitean doctrine of contrasts, and the dialogues of Plato, as well as a precursor to the maieutic Socratic method of Socrates and Plato. [23] The Milesian philosopher Thales is also traditionally said to have studied philosophy in Mesopotamia. Ancient Chinese Philosophy has had a tremendous effect on Chinese civilization, and throughout East Asia. The majority of Chinese philosophy originates in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States era, during a period known as the Hundred Schools of Thought,[24] which was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments. [24] It was during this era that the major philosophies of China, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, and Taoism, arose, along with philosophies that later fell into obscurity, like Agriculturalism, Chinese Naturalism, and the Logicians. Of the many philosophical schools of China, only Confucianism and Taoism existed after the Qin Dynasty suppressed any Chinese philosophy that was opposed to Legalism. Confucianism is humanistic,[25] philosophy that believes that human beings are teachable, improvable and perfectible through personal and communal endeavour especially including self-cultivation and self-creation. Confucianism focuses on the cultivation of virtue and maintenance of ethics, the most basic of which are ren, yi, and li. [26] Ren is an obligation of altruism and humaneness for other individuals within a community, yi is the upholding of righteousness and the moral disposition to do good, and li is a system of norms and propriety that determines how a person should properly act within a community. [26] Taoism focuses on establishing harmony with the Tao, which is origin of and the totality of everything that exists. The word Tao (or Dao, depending on the romanization scheme) is usually translated as way, path or principle. Taoist propriety and ethics emphasize the Three Jewels of the Tao: compassion, moderation, and humility, while Taoist thought generally focuses on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos ( ); health and longevity; and wu wei, action through inaction. Harmony with the Universe, or the origin of it through the Tao, is the intended result of many Taoist rules and practices. Ancient Graeco-Roman Ancient Graeco-Roman philosophy is a period of Western philosophy, starting in the 6th century [c. 585] BC to the 6th century AD. It is usually divided into three periods: the pre-Socratic period, the period of Plato and Aristotle, and the post-Aristotelian (or Hellenistic) period. A fourth period that is sometimes added includes the Neoplatonic and Christian philosophers of Late Antiquity. The most important of the ancient philosophers (in terms of subsequent influence) are Plato and Aristotle. [27] Plato specifically, is credited as the founder of Western philosophy. The philosopher Alfred North Whitehead said of Plato: The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. I do not mean the systematic scheme of thought which scholars have doubtfully extracted from his writings. I allude to the wealth of general ideas scattered through them. [28] The main subjects of ancient philosophy are: understanding the fundamental causes and principles of the universe; explaining it in an economical way; the epistemological problem of reconciling the diversity and change of the natural universe, with the possibility of obtaining fixed and certain knowledge about it; questions about things that cannot be perceived by the senses, such as numbers, elements, universals, and gods. Socrates is said to have been the initiator of more focused study upon the human things including the analysis of patterns of reasoning and argument and the nature of the good life and the importance of understanding and knowledge in order to pursue it; the explication of the concept of justice, and its relation to various political systems. [27] In this period the crucial features of the Western philosophical method were established: a critical approach to received or established views, and the appeal to reason and argumentation. This includes Socrates dialectic method of inquiry, known as the Socratic method or method of elenchus, which he largely applied to the examination of key moral concepts such as the Good and Justice. To solve a problem, it would be broken down into a series of questions, the answers to which gradually distill the answer a person would seek. The influence of this approach is most strongly felt today in the use of the scientific method, in which hypothesis is the first stage. Ancient Indian Main article: Indian philosophy. Further information: Hindu philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, Jain philosophy, and Upanishads The term Indian philosophy (Sanskrit: Darshanas), refers to any of several schools of philosophical thought that originated in the Indian subcontinent, including Hindu philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, and Jain philosophy. Having the same or rather intertwined origins, all of these philosophies have a common underlying themes of Dharma and Karma, and similarly attempt to explain the attainment of emancipation. They have been formalized and promulgated chiefly between 1000 BC to a few centuries AD. Indias philosophical tradition dates back to the composition of the Upanisads[29] in the later Vedic period (c. 1000-500 BCE). Subsequent schools (Skt: Darshanas) of Indian philosophy were identified as orthodox (Skt: astika) or non-orthodox (Skt: nastika) depending on whether they regarded the Vedas as an infallible source of knowledge. [30] By some classifications, there are six schools of orthodox Hindu philosophy and three heterodox schools. The orthodox are Nyaya, Vaisesika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva mimamsa and Vedanta. The Heterodox are Jain, Buddhist and materialist (Carvaka). Other classifications also include Pashupata, Saiva, Rasesvara and Pa? ini Darsana with the other orthodox schools. [31] Competition and integration between the various schools was intense during their formative years, especially between 500 BC to 200 AD. Some like the Jain, Buddhist, Shaiva and Vedanta schools survived, while others like Samkhya and Ajivika did not, either being assimilated or going extinct. The Sanskrit term for philosopher is darsanika, one who is familiar with the systems of philosophy, or darsanas. [32] In the history of the Indian subcontinent, following the establishment of a Vedic culture, the development of philosophical and religious thought over a period of two millennia gave rise to what came to be called the six schools of astika, or orthodox, Indian or Hindu philosophy. These schools have come to be synonymous with the greater religion of Hinduism, which was a development of the early Vedic religion. Ancient Persian Main article: Iranian philosophy Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts, with their ancient Indo-Iranian roots. These were considerably influenced by Zarathustras teachings. Throughout Iranian history and due to remarkable political and social influences such as the Macedonian, the Arab, and the Mongol invasions of Persia, a wide spectrum of schools of thought arose. These espoused a variety of views on philosophical questions, extending from Old Iranian and mainly Zoroastrianism-influenced traditions to schools appearing in the late pre-Islamic era, such as Manicheism and Mazdakism, as well as various post-Islamic schools. Iranian philosophy after Arab invasion of Persia is characterized by different interactions with the old Iranian philosophy, the Greek philosophy and with the development of Islamic philosophy. Illuminationism and the transcendent theosophy are regarded as two of the main philosophical traditions of that era in Persia. Zoroastrianism has been identified as one of the key early events in the development of philosophy. [33] 5th–16th centuries Europe Medieval. Medieval philosophy is the philosophy of Western Europe and the Middle East during the Middle Ages, roughly extending from the Christianization of the Roman Empire until the Renaissance. [34] Medieval philosophy is defined partly by the rediscovery and further development of classical Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, and partly by the need to address theological problems and to integrate the then widespread sacred doctrines of Abrahamic religion (Islam, Judaism, and Christianity) with secular learning. The history of western European medieval philosophy is traditionally divided into two main periods: the period in the Latin West following the Early Middle Ages until the 12th century, when the works of Aristotle and Plato were preserved and cultivated; and the golden age[citation needed] of the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries in the Latin West, which witnessed the culmination of the recovery of ancient philosophy, and significant developments in the field of philosophy of religion, logic and metaphysics. The medieval era was disparagingly treated by the Renaissance humanists, who saw it as a barbaric middle period between the classical age of Greek and Roman culture, and the rebirth or renaissance of classical culture. Yet this period of nearly a thousand years was the longest period of philosophical development in Europe, and possibly the richest. Jorge Gracia has argued that in intensity, sophistication, and achievement, the philosophical flowering in the thirteenth century could be rightly said to rival the golden age of Greek philosophy in the fourth century B. C. [35] Some problems discussed throughout this period are the relation of faith to reason, the existence and unity of God, the object of theology and metaphysics, the problems of knowledge, of universals, and of individuation. Philosophers from the Middle Ages include the Christian philosophers Augustine of Hippo, Boethius, Anselm, Gilbert of Poitiers, Peter Abelard, Roger Bacon, Bonaventure, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham and Jean Buridan; the Jewish philosophers Maimonides and Gersonides; and the Muslim philosophers Alkindus, Alfarabi, Alhazen, Avicenna, Algazel, Avempace, Abubacer, Ibn Khaldun, and Averroes. The medieval tradition of Scholasticism continued to flourish as late as the 17th century, in figures such as Francisco Suarez and John of St. Thomas. Aquinas, father of Thomism, was immensely influential in Catholic Europe, placed a great emphasis on reason and argumentation, and was one of the first to use the new translation of Aristotles metaphysical and epistemological writing. His work was a significant departure from the Neoplatonic and Augustinian thinking that had dominated much of early Scholasticism. Renaissance The Renaissance (rebirth) was a period of transition between the Middle Ages and modern thought,[36] in which the recovery of classical texts helped shift philosophical interests away from technical studies in logic, metaphysics, and theology towards eclectic inquiries into morality, philology, and mysticism. [37][38] The study of the classics and the humane arts generally, such as history and literature, enjoyed a scholarly interest hitherto unknown in Christendom, a tendency referred to as humanism. [39][40] Displacing the medieval interest in metaphysics and logic, the humanists followed Petrarch in making man and his virtues the focus of philosophy. [41][42] The study of classical philosophy also developed in two new ways. On the one hand, the study of Aristotle was changed through the influence of Averroism. The disagreements between these Averroist Aristotelians, and more orthodox catholic Aristotelians such as Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas eventually contributed to the development of a humanist Aristotelianism developed in the Renaissance, as exemplified in the thought of Pietro Pomponazzi and Giacomo Zabarella. Secondly, as an alternative to Aristotle, the study of Plato and the Neoplatonists became common. This was assisted by the rediscovery of works which had not been well known previously in Western Europe. Notable Renaissance Platonists include Nicholas of Cusa, and later Marsilio Ficino and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. [42] The Renaissance also renewed interest in anti-.

Depictions of the Great Depression Essay -- Art, Photography

Pause to recall a picture of the Great Depression. Was this image happy or sad? Maybe it was a scene of a family enjoying the radio, children reading comics, a group of young men playing baseball, the movie theatre, or even children playing Monopoly; however most people would picture a migrant mother with her children, an adult holding a sign asking for a job, a family living in a shack with barely any food, or starving, dirty children. â€Å"For those born after the 1930’s, the Great Depression is something that can be visualized only through photography and film (This Great Nation Will Endure)† and when asked â€Å"What picture do you think of when you hear the words the Great Depression Era?† all thirty high school students recalled a negative image. Today’s mass media’s selection of harsh extreme images of the 1930’s Great Depression Era fail to portray the positive aspects of American life during the time period. Many of the photographs exposed by today’s media and some of the most popular photographs of life during the Great Depression were produced by the FSA or Farm Security Administration. Founded by President Roosevelt the government agency’s goal was to provide loans benefiting tenant farmers and sharecroppers (pg. 772). The FSA launched a photography project whose mission was to demonstrate the hardships of families living on farms to the city residents (Ganzel). The agency hired many photographers and over eighty-thousand photographs were captured through the years 1935-1943; the majority portrayed American life in a negative way (This Great Nation Will Endure). Two of the most well-known photographs taken by the agency, also which are used in several American history textbooks are icons of the Depression Era. Both symboliz... ...produced, radio shows and movies were being produced and several Americans were enjoying life during the 1930’s. These positive aspects of life and positive photographs of the time period are not well-known to the American public today and many people picture the Great Depression only in a negative way. â€Å"For those born after the 1930’s, the Great Depression is something that can be visualized only though photography and film. Certain images have come to define our view of that uncertain time: an anxious migrant mother with her three small children; a farmer and his sons struggling through a dust storm; a family of sharecroppers gathered outside their Spartan home† (This Great Nation Will Endure). Today’s mass media focuses on the harsh, extreme images of the Great Depression and fails to portray the happy, positive aspects of American life during the 1930’s.

Opium War: Was Britain completely in the wrong? Essay

The British were wrong by taking the option of trading opium because by trading opium, they would be jeopardising the wellbeing of an entire country. But they only did it because the Chinese were refusing to trade, so therefore it is only partially Britains fault. The â€Å"Opium War† also known as the Anglo-Chinese war began in 1839. It started as a conflict over trading between Britain and China. China was refusing to trade because they didn’t need anything. Eventually the British were able to trade opium on the black market. China did nearly everything to stop the opium being traded but nothing could stop it. This eventually caused the war. Was Britain Completely in the wrong? No. Although they were the ones that started the opium trade, China is still partially to blame. The following points will be argued for the fact that both sides contributed and neither were completely wrong:  · The introduction of trading opium by Britain  · The stupidity of the Chinese stimulating the British and judging them to be bad at war.  · And The greedy treaty made by the British But firstly, the refusal for trade and the cruel regulations that China put upon the British traders. There was a demand for Chinese tea, silk and porcelain in the west, though there was practically nothing that the west could offer to trade with China, because of the simple reason that they didn’t want anything and were refusing to trade for things they didn’t need. The Chinese didn’t realise how hard they were making the situation. A British man, Lord William John Nappier was sent to China to try and extend British trading interests. He was told that he could only address himself to the Hong Merchants and that he could only live in Guangzhou during trading season. When he refused to leave, Lu Kun, Governor of Guangzhou prohibited all the buying and selling to the English and then ordered all the withdrawal of all Chinese labour from them. What were the British to do? The regulations were too harsh and the British couldn’t trade no matter what  they tried. In this situation, The Chinese were obviously in the wrong because they didn’t consider the needs of the British and they were to stubborn to trade because they thought they were more superior. Secondly, Britain introduced the opium to China because they ran out of choices. Since China ignored Britain’s proposal to trade, Britain had to find some other way they could get the bits and pieces that they required. They started to illegally export opium on the black market, aware of the consequences. The result was a widespread addiction throughout China causing serious social and economic disruption in China. Britain was most definitely in the wrong with this choice because nothing can make the trading of opium justifiable. The cost is too painful. But it was China’s fault in the fist place that they didn’t want to establish trading with Britain. Thirdly, the stupidity of the Chinese stimulating the British and judging them to be hopeless at fighting caused them the loss of the war. The Chinese were ignorant, and they thought that the British were bad compared to them. Lin Zexu says, â€Å"Besides guns, the barbarian soldiers do not know how to use fist or swords†¦ Therefore, what is called their power can be controlled without difficulty.† Unfortunately Lin Zexu was wrong about this. The underestimation of the British made the Chinese disadvantaged because they weren’t prepared enough and much unorganised. Their weapons were completely useless against those of the British. Chinese cities were then captured and Chinese citizen’s soldiers were forced to surrender. Therefore China’s stupidity and bad organisation skills in this case were to blame for the opium war and their loss. So China was, in this case was in the wrong. The last factor is the greedy treaty made by the British. Once the Chinese had lost the war, they had no choice but to sign a treaty written by the British. Many unreasonable discissions were made in favour of the British including many unjust payments. China was completely demoralised and Britain was in the wrong for making them sign such an unfair treaty. They took advantage of China when they shouldn’t have. To conclude this argument, neither China nor Britain was completely wrong or  right with all their decisions. They both contributed to the war and therefore it was both their fault. China’s refusal for trade was wrong because they were being selfish and stubborn and they weren’t considering the welfare of others. Britain was wrong in introducing opium because nothing can justify the trading of opium and it shouldn’t have even been an option to trade it. Britain was also in the wrong by creating a treaty in their favour because China was in a weak position.

Reading Books and Using Computers Essay

Reading books can take us to any places and time. Just read and let your imagination explore. It also can give us further knowledge to the things that surrounds us. And it help us in our comprehension, practices our fluency, and many others. It can also tour us to the Egypt, Greece, Spain and many place here on earth without wasting money, and energy. It also takes us beyond the outer space, galaxies, meteors, stars and throughout the universe with no needing of rocket. And lastly, it let us meet Romeo & Juliet, Achilles, Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, and of course our God and savior Jesus Christ. All information about them is come from books. We will never know them without the books. Some of them maybe real and others may be just a tale. Book is really our friend; it could take us, meet people we desire. But nowadays, because reading books is boring and you have to read for almost a week or month, students today are so lazy to that and they always have the speech of â€Å"it’s a waste of time†. Indeed, students treat their books as their enemy and just remember them when they have an exam or quizzes. It’s so sad that books had almost been forgotten by students that became friends by their ancestors once. see more:essays on computers Using Computer is widely practice today’s generation. It is almost needed in the society. You can also be called an illiterate when you don’t know how to use it, because even a 7 years old kid can use the computer. Computer is easy to use, reliable, fast, and consume a short period of time. And today you don’t need to have to read a book for almost a week and widen your imagination to know the content of the story, by just internet and a â€Å"YouTube† website, and a click you could watch your desired novel instantly. With moving, speaking, singing, dancing, fighting, and many others action that books cannot do. That’s why students are interested in using computer because of its colorful and attractive features that very appealing to generation of students today. As far today 3D is the most high tech feature that produce by computers which is the reason why student almost forget the books already. And you could finish the novel for only 2 – 3 hours and have enough time to spend it with your love ones or your hubby. Also, you can direct search information rather than in the books. And lastly it can let you communicate to the people in other countries, to your families, friends, or not. Computers are widely needed by each in every one of us. Not to follow the â€Å"new fashion line† we can say. But, not to be left by today’s life and â€Å"rules† especially in applying a job that mostly all job require knowledge in using computers and can have the power to compete to the world. Books and Computers are both helpful to our life and living. They are both source of information that helps us know the things we wanted to know. They give information, give more knowledge and help us to satisfy our curiosity. They are both take us to the other places here in the world and to the stars in the universe and to the place we only see in our dreams. Indeed they are both needed and have to be needed. But, lately as the world innovate to high tech world, that it’s like â€Å"life is just a click†, books have been forgotten and keep dusty in the library, while computers had been more needed by the society. Library was very quite not just because of its policy â€Å"Keep Quite† but there are no one there except the staff or the librarian. While internet cafà © were so hot, noisy and overcrowded. This study had been conducted to know the best and effective source of information between computers and books. And, the common reasons behind it. And lastly, to know why this phenomena is happening in our society, world and universe today. Objectives: 1. To enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of reading books and using computers. 2. To know the effective one between books and computer. 3. To know which students prefer between books and computers as their source of information. Hypothesis: 1. Reading books will have so many advantages with no disadvantages, while using computer will have more advantages than books but with many disadvantages too. 2. The effective one is using computer because its fast, easy, reliable and consume only a short period of time rather than books. 3. The effective one is using computer because of its multi-purposes and uses that are effective to the learning of the student. Significance/Importance of the Study This study may be useful to the following: School Administrators. The result of this study may be used by school administrator to know what kind of source information the teacher and the school staff that may use for a better and effective teaching. Teachers. The study might help the teacher enhance their chosen technique in teaching so that they will deliver their lesson to student clearly and understandable. School Librarians. This research might help the librarian facilitate will the library as the source of effective and reliable room of information through books and computer with internet. Students. This study will let students know the importance of books and computer, their advantages and disadvantages so that they may limit their self to use them, and to know the kind of source of information they will use in a specific problem. Parents. The Parents will likewise be benefited from the result of the study in a way that they can guide their children for using a such information in the right time and place, and give limit them when they over using it. Future Researchers. The results of this study will give the future researchers the basis of their own research in using computer and reading books. And how both source of information help us. Definitions of Terms Source of Information Comprehension Internet Website Fluency Scope and Delimitation This is an experimental study of selected 30 first year college students of Capiz State University Poblacion Campus during the school year 2012 – 2013.

Race and Female Body Image essays

Race and Female Body Image essays The topic that we chose to research was race and female body image. We only researched African American women and Caucasian women because we wanted to see the contrast of the two. One of our hypotheses was that there would be a difference in the way women of different races perceived our bodies. Further, we hypothesized that African American women would have a more positive outlook on body image than Caucasian women did. Another hypothesis was that African American women that grew up with peers of the same ethnicity would have a more positive body image. Also, African American women that grew up with peers of a different ethnicity were predicted to have a more negative outlook on body image. The first aspect of body image we tested was how often our respondents thought about their weight. Of the 60 respondents, after running a crosstabulation between race and how often women thought about their weight, 36.7 percent of them thought about their weight often and 36.7 percent of them thought about their weight on occasion. The majority, 73.4 percent, were in these two categories (on occasion and often). When breaking the demographic of race down between the women, there was a difference in how often each race thought about their weight. 20 percent of the African American women reported that they thought about their weight virtually never, 40 percent reported they thought about their weight on occasion, and 25.7 percent said they thought about their weight often. With the Caucasian women, there were zero reports that they thought about their weight virtually never with 32 percent reporting they think about their weight on occasion and the majority, 52 percent reportin g they think about their weight often (table 1.2). What these percentages tell us is that there are fewer Caucasian women that think about their weight virtually never and more that think about their weight often than those reported by the African American women....

6 Great Places to Study (The Pros and Cons)

6 Great Places to Study (The Pros and Cons) 6 Great Places to Study (The Pros and Cons) When you’re studying for class or a test, you need the perfect environment to make sure you don’t get distracted. Everyone is different in this respect, but generally your place of study should be quiet and uncluttered, with easy access to everything you need for revising. The best spot for you will thus depend on your personal requirements, but in this post we offer a quick rundown of some of your options for places to study†¦ The Library The classic first stop for the studiously-inclined, public and campus libraries are designed to offer all the amenities you could possibly desire while studying. Pros: Lots of books; free internet; helpful librarians; enforced quietness Cons: Can involve a manic scramble for work space; people making out in the reference section; slight danger of encountering ghosts Dorm Room If you can’t find space at the library, working from your dorm room is a viable alternative (as long as your roommate will leave you alone for long enough). Pros: Familiar environment; easy access to your own books; freedom to snack Cons: Easy to get distracted; noisy roommates; proximity to bed makes napping tempting Someone Else’s House Ideally this should be someone you know and you should ask first, otherwise you may be committing a felony. Pros: Fewer home distractions; availability of â€Å"study buddy† to keep you on track; someone to make coffee for you Cons: Have to coordinate with study buddy; might have to make coffee for someone else Coffee Shops These days, coffee shops are always packed with students, aspiring writers, jobbing actors and generally bohemian types. Admittedly, most of them are there working part-time as baristas, but coffee shops are also a good place to go and study. Pros: Peaceful place to sit for hours reading/writing; free Wi-Fi; definitely won’t have to make your own coffee Cons: Can get expensive without loyalty card; busy during peak hours; strong possibility of developing caffeine addiction The Park Thanks to e-readers, smartphones and roaming internet connections, studying outdoors has never been easier! Just remember to check the weather forecast before heading outside†¦ Pros: Fresh air; easy to find a quiet spot away from other people; ambient birdsong Cons: Chance of rain; insect bites; lack of electrical outlets; may get disturbed by errant joggers Outer Space If all else fails in your quest for a peaceful spot away from the hustle and bustle of modern life, you can always commandeer a rocket ship and leave the Earth altogether. Pros: Definitely quiet; good view Cons: Rocket fuel expensive; majesty of the universe can become distracting Are there any good places to study weve forgotten? Or do you think going to space is impractical? If so, let us know in the comments!

Insights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Insights - Essay Example India for instance has not passed through the process of industrialization but has jumped into the post modern period unlike the developed nations who have their foundations in place. In order to hold back from the dangers of sudden breakdown, it is important for these nations to insulate themselves properly against the impact of economic downfalls in US which might trickle down to the regions enjoying so far the benefits of outsourcing. The countries like India and China need to develop a strong base of R&D in order to be self sufficient in technology instead of having to borrow the knowledge and tools from abroad. The economies need more inventions and innovations in this field in order to preserve originality. This will help the economies to gain more confidence in them because in a flat world sustainability is also an important concern to be addressed. One major problem which often arises is the fact that owing to the difference in exchange rate. Any invention requiring a patent is more likely to be shelled out to a multinational firm which will buy it expensively rather than an India firm. With globalization being so effective over the last decade and the common playing field enabled by triple convergence, Indians are more likely to sell their inventions to a multinational firm especially if it is something related to IT which might help business operations perform more efficiently.